Technical Expertise

Smelting & Refining

From concentrate or calcine to saleable metal, including the refining steps that remove the last impurities.

Scope

Blast furnace, ISF and direct-smelting routes
Flash and bath smelting for copper and nickel
Drossing, softening and desilverising
Fire refining and anode casting
Vacuum and zone refining for high-purity products
Casting, alloying and product handling