Mining & Metals
Copper
Concentrator through smelter to cathode, on both the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes.
Concentrator
- Crushing, grinding and classification
- Rougher, cleaner and scavenger flotation
- Concentrate thickening, filtration and handling
- Tailings thickening, disposal and water recovery
Smelting and refining
- Flash and bath smelting, matte handling
- Converting and anode furnace operation
- Anode casting, electrorefining and cathode handling
- Slag cleaning and by-product recovery
Hydrometallurgical route
- Heap and dump leaching
- Solvent extraction (SX)
- Electrowinning (EW) and cathode stripping